CERNUNNOS
As the archetypal spirit of nature, the
image of Cernunnos can be found in Romano-Celtic worship
sites throughout the Celtic lands. His role as an animal
god and hunter was central to early Celtic religion and
has been preserved in folklore and magic to the present
day.
The cult of Cernunnos was especially encouraged by the
Druids in their attempt to regularize the local Celtic
dieties into some sort of pantheon. It was their wish to
establish him as a national, rather than a local diety.
The Druids had some success as he was possibly the
nearest the Celts got to a universal father god within
their fragmented system of worship.
He is portrayed on many Celtic artifacts and works of art
as far back as they can be recovered. The Gundestrup
Cauldron is probably the best known piece, containing, as
it does, what has become the most widely published Celtic
scene ever, a depiction of Cernunnos sitting cross-legged
in the company of a stag and a boar, holding a torc in
his right hand and a snake in his left. Cernunnos was
invoked in many Celtic ceremonies and he appeared in many
guises. He was the randy goat representing the fertility
rites of Beltaine, a festival held on the first of May,
which marked the beginning of the Celtic summer. He was
also the master of the hunt who came to full power in
late summer and early autumn. As the guardian of the
gates to the Otherworld Cernunnos became associated with
wealth and prosperity, although his earlier function had
been of a nature diety holding sway over the woodlands,
and animals, as well as the active forces of life and
death, regeneration and male fertility.
Cernunnos was of such importance to the Celts that the
Christian church made him a special target of abuse,
taking his image to be that of the Devil, deo falsus or
“false god”. This was not a judgment on his attributes,
but rather a device for frightening the European populace
away from the Old Religion.
His status as a fertility god is of much later origin, he
has much less to do with sexuality than popular wisdom
would suggest. He is the god of hunting, culling and
taking, so that through selection and sacrifice, he is
able to utilize the powers of fertility, regeneration and
growth to purify and strengthen the animal kingdom.
Stories of Cernunnos are sketchy and come largely from
oral sources. Both his image and his name survive in
present-day Britain. The former in many rituals and folk
dances performed around the countryside, particularly the
Abbots Bromley horn dance, and the latter in place names
such as Cerne Abbas in Devon, and the legend of Herne the
Hunter, a fabled antlered entity said to roam the Forest
of Windsor.